How was Greece ruled? - Info sheet

In ancient times, the region known today as Greece was comprised of numerous independent city-states, each with its own distinct identity and governance. Notable among these were Athens, Olympia, Corinth, and Sparta. Unlike a unified nation, these city-states operated with their own administrative systems, maintaining separate armies and legal frameworks. The citizens of these city-states were deeply loyal to their local city-state, often identifying primarily with their city, such as being a Spartan or an Athenian, rather than with a broader Greek identity. This strong local allegiance was a defining characteristic of ancient Greek society.

Despite their independence, these city-states were known to collaborate when facing a common enemy, exemplified by their united stance against the Persian Empire. However, the prevailing norm was one of rivalry and conflict amongst themselves, making the prospect of a single ruler controlling all of Greece a challenging proposition. This changed in the 4th century BC when Alexander the Great of Macedonia achieved the seemingly impossible. He successfully unified the Greek city-states under his rule and went on to establish an expansive empire that stretched as far as India and Afghanistan, showcasing his extraordinary military and leadership capabilities.