What were the main characteristics of the Spartans and the Athenians? - Teacher notes

The ancient Greeks were a complex and multifaceted society, with the city-states of Athens and Sparta being two of the most prominent and distinct regions. Pupils studying these civilisations will learn that despite being part of the same country, Athens and Sparta often found themselves in conflict with each other, epitomised by their notorious quarrelling. The main characteristics of these city-states were starkly different, reflecting their unique societal structures and values.

Athenians are renowned for their contributions to the arts, philosophy, and democracy. They valued education, intellectual discourse, and civic participation, with their society being structured around these principles. Conversely, the Spartans are best known for their military prowess and austere way of life. Spartan society was centred on discipline, obedience, and preparing for war, with every aspect of life geared towards creating the most efficient and formidable warriors. Understanding these characteristics is crucial for pupils as they delve into the causes and consequences of the Peloponnesian War, including the reasons behind the Spartan victory in this pivotal conflict.