Multiplication and division - Vocabulary

The fundamental concept of 'Equal Groups' is introduced to Year 3 students as a cornerstone of multiplication and division. This concept illustrates that multiplication involves combining equal sets of numbers. For instance, the equation 3 x 4 = 12 can be understood as having three groups, each with four items, totalling twelve when combined. This is further explained through 'Repeated Addition', where the same number is added multiple times, such as 4 + 4 + 4, which also equals 12. The multiplication symbol (×) is used to denote this operation, and students learn that 'multiplying' means to add equal groups of numbers together.

Multiplication is also taught using 'Arrays', which are visual representations of objects arranged in rows and columns to simplify the multiplication process. For example, an array showing 4 x 3 = 12 helps students visualise the concept. Additionally, the 'Commutative Law' is highlighted, demonstrating that the order of numbers in multiplication does not affect the result, as seen in 3 x 4 = 12 and 4 x 3 = 12 being equivalent. Division is introduced with its own symbol (÷) and is described as the process of splitting a number into equal parts or groups, such as dividing 12 cakes equally onto 3 plates, resulting in 4 cakes per plate. The 'Inverse' relationship between multiplication and division is also emphasised, as they are opposite operations that can be used to check each other's results. Finally, 'Concrete Methods' using physical objects and 'Pictorial Methods' using drawings are presented as tools to help students understand and solve calculations, with the 'Distributive Law' offering a strategy for breaking down more complex problems into simpler parts.