Upper course of a river - Info sheet

The upper course of a river is characterised by its steep gradients and narrow channels, which are the primary reasons for the significant vertical erosion that occurs in this part of a river's journey. This erosion is a powerful force that shapes the landscape, carving out distinctive features such as steep valley sides that are often seen in the early stages of a river's course. The terrain here is rugged, with interlocking spurs that extend into the winding river, creating a zigzag pattern as the river navigates around the harder rock. Additionally, the upper course is home to dramatic features like rapids, where water flows swiftly over a rocky bed, as well as gorges, which are narrow, steep-walled valleys, and spectacular waterfalls where the river cascades over a vertical drop.

Among the most common and recognisable features of the upper course of a river are V-shaped valleys, which are formed as the river cuts deeply into the land with its erosive power. These valleys, along with interlocking spurs, waterfalls, rapids, and gorges, contribute to the distinct and often breathtaking topography of the upper river landscape. Rapids, in particular, are known for their fast-flowing waters, which can be both a challenge for river navigation and a point of interest for those studying river dynamics. Understanding these features is crucial for appreciating how rivers shape the environment and contribute to the geomorphological processes that define various landscapes.