What are the features of the upper, middle and lower courses of a river? - Teacher notes

In the exploration of river courses, pupils are introduced to the distinct characteristics of a river's upper, middle, and lower courses. The journey begins with the upper course, where the landscape is typically steep and rugged, and waterfalls are a common feature. These waterfalls are formed by water flowing over hard rock, which erodes more slowly than the softer rock beneath, creating a drop. As the river progresses to the middle course, the terrain becomes less steep, allowing the river to develop large bends known as meanders. This stage of the river also sees the addition of tributaries, smaller streams that feed into the main river, increasing its water volume and width.

Moving further downstream to the lower course of the river, the landscape flattens out, and the river's energy decreases, leading to the formation of features such as oxbow lakes. These are created when a meander becomes so pronounced that the river cuts through the neck of the loop, leaving a horseshoe-shaped body of water disconnected from the main flow. To consolidate their understanding of these features, pupils will engage in a hands-on activity, working in groups to create models of a waterfall, meander, and oxbow lake. This practical task aims to culminate in a class exhibition, showcasing the diverse and dynamic nature of river systems through the stages of their courses.