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February 11, 2015 marks five years in space for NASA's Solar Dynamics Observatory, which provides incredibly detailed images of the whole sun 24 hours a day. Capturing an image more than once per second, SDO has provided an unprecedentedly clear picture of how massive explosions on the sun grow and erupt ever since its launch on Feb. 11, 2010. The imagery is also captivating, allowing one to watch the constant ballet of solar material through the sun's atmosphere, the corona. 

In honor of SDO's fifth anniversary, NASA has released a video showcasing highlights from the last five years of sun watching. Watch the movie to see giant clouds of solar material hurled out into space, the dance of giant loops hovering in the corona, and huge sunspots growing and shrinking on the sun's surface. 

The imagery is an example of the kind of data that SDO provides to scientists. By watching the sun in different wavelengths – and therefore different temperatures – scientists can watch how material courses through the corona, which holds clues to what causes eruptions on the sun, what heats the sun's atmosphere up to 1,000 times hotter than its surface, and why the sun's magnetic fields are constantly on the move.

Five years into its mission, SDO continues to send back tantalizing imagery to incite scientists' curiosity. For example, in late 2014, SDO captured imagery of the largest sun spots seen since 1995 as well as a torrent of intense solar flares. Solar flares are bursts of light, energy and X-rays. They can occur by themselves or can be accompanied by what's called a coronal mass ejection, or CME, in which a giant cloud of solar material erupts off the sun, achieves escape velocity and heads off into space. In this case, the sun produced only flares and no CMEs, which, while not unheard of, is somewhat unusual for flares of that size. Scientists are looking at that data now to see if they can determine what circumstances might have led to flares eruptions alone. 

Goddard built, operates and manages the SDO spacecraft for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington, D.C. SDO is the first mission of NASA's Living with a Star Program. The program's goal is to develop the scientific understanding necessary to address those aspects of the sun-Earth system that directly affect our lives and society.

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NASA | SDO: Year 5

How can we make Mars, Venus, or some of the moons in our solar system more earth-like? Terraforming, of course!
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Sources:
http://quest.nasa.gov/mars/background/terra.html
http://www.universetoday.com/127311/guide-to-terraforming/
http://www.universetoday.com/113346/how-do-we-terraform-mars/
http://quest.nasa.gov/mars/background/terra2.html
http://www.space.com/31044-mars-terraforming-nasa-maven-mission.html
http://earthsky.org/space/solar-wind-stripped-martian-atmosphere
http://www.universetoday.com/113412/how-do-we-terraform-venus/
http://www.space.com/18527-venus-atmosphere.html
http://www.universetoday.com/127311/guide-to-terraforming/

Written by Amy Shira Teitel

How Could We Create A Second Earth?

Named after the ancient Roman goddess of beauty, Venus is known for its exceptional brightness. Find out about the volcanoes that dot Venus's surface, the storms that rage in its atmosphere, and the surprising feature that makes Venus outshine every planet or star in the night sky.
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https://on.natgeo.com/2HYWJyx

Venus 101 | National Geographic 
https://youtu.be/BvXa1n9fjow

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Venus 101 | National Geographic

Sending astronauts to Mars is a daunting prospect. But this will not deter NASA and private companies from trying to put humans on the red planet.

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Mars: when will humans get there?

The best way to explore a new world is to land on it. That's why humans have sent spacecraft to the Moon, Venus, Mars, Saturn's moon, Titan, and more.

But there are a few places in the solar system we will never understand as well as we'd like. One of them is Jupiter.

Jupiter is made of mostly hydrogen and helium gas. So, trying to land on it would be like trying to land on a cloud here on Earth. There's no outer crust to break your fall on Jupiter. Just an endless stretch of atmosphere.

The big question, then, is: Could you fall through one end of Jupiter and out the other? It turns out, you wouldn't even make it halfway. Here’s what would happen if you tried to land on Jupiter.

*It's important to note that we feature the Lunar Lander for the first half of the descent. In reality, the Lunar Lander is relatively delicate compared to, say, NASA's Orion spacecraft. Therefore, the Lunar Lander would not be used for a mission to land on any world that contains an atmosphere, including Jupiter. However, any spacecraft, no matter how robust, would not survive for long in Jupiter, so the Lunar Lander is as good of a choice as any for this hypothetical scenario.

First things first, Jupiter's atmosphere has no oxygen. So make sure you bring plenty with you to breathe. The next problem is the scorching temperatures. So pack an air conditioner. Now, you're ready for a journey of epic proportions.

For scale, here's how many Earths you could stack from Jupiter's center. As you enter the top of the atmosphere, you're be traveling at 110,000 mph under the pull of Jupiter's gravity.

But brace yourself. You'll quickly hit the denser atmosphere below, which will hit you like a wall. It won't be enough to stop you, though.

After about 3 minutes you'll reach the cloud tops 155 miles down. Here, you'll experience the full brunt of Jupiter's rotation. Jupiter is the fastest rotating planet in our solar system. One day lasts about 9.5 Earth hours. This creates powerful winds that can whip around the planet at more than 300 mph.

About 75 miles below the clouds, you reach the limit of human exploration. The Galileo probe made it this far when it dove into Jupiter's atmosphere in 1995. It only lasted 58 minutes before losing contact and was eventually destroyed by the crushing pressures.

Down here, the pressure is nearly 100 times what it is at Earth's surface.  And you won't be able to see anything, so you'll have to rely on instruments to explore your surroundings.

By 430 miles down, the pressure is 1,150 times higher. You might survive down here if you were in a spacecraft built like the Trieste submarine — the deepest diving submarine on Earth. Any deeper and the pressure and temperature will be too great for a spacecraft to endure.

However, let's say you could find a way to descend even farther. You will uncover some of Jupiter’s grandest mysteries.But, sadly, you'll have no way to tell anyone. Jupiter's deep atmosphere absorbs radio waves, so you'll be shut off from the outside world— unable to communicate.

Once you've reached 2,500 miles down, the temperature is 6,100 ºF.  That's hot enough to melt tungsten, the metal with the highest melting point in the Universe. At this point, you will have been falling for at least 12 hours. And you won't even be halfway through.

At 13,000 miles down, you reach Jupiter's innermost layer. Here the pressure is 2 million times stronger than at Earth's surface. And the temperature is hotter than the surface of the sun. These conditions are so extreme they change the chemistry of the hydrogen around you. Hydrogen molecules are forced so close together that their electrons break lose, forming an unusual substance called metallic hydrogen. Metallic hydrogen is highly reflective. So, if you tried using lights to see down here it would be impossible.

And it's as dense as a rock. So, as you travel deeper, the buoyancy force from the metallic hydrogen counteracts gravity's downward pull.  Eventually, that buoyancy will shoot you back up until gravity pulls you back down, sort of like a yo-yo. And when those two forces equal, you'll be left free-floating in mid-Jupiter, unable to move up or down, and no way to escape!

Suffice it say, trying to land on Jupiter is a bad idea. We may never see what's beneath those majestic clouds. But we can still study and admire this mysterious planet from afar.

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What Would Happen If Humans Tried To Land On Jupiter

Saturn is losing its rings faster than previously thought. Scientists estimate the rings will be gone in 100 million years.

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Saturn Is Officially Losing Its Rings

Saturn Is Officially Losing Its Rings

Uranus is a planet beyond convention. Find out why it boasts the coldest temperatures in the solar system, what phenomena caused the unique tilt of its axis, and the curious origin of the planet's name.
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Uranus 101 | National Geographic

Buckle up for a trip to the asteroid belt -- though it's not nearly as dangerous out there as you might think. But there's a LOT waiting to be discovered, including some crucial clues about the formation of the solar system itself.
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Sources:
http://www.space.com/16105-asteroid-belt.html

http://www.universetoday.com/110276/why-the-asteroid-belt-doesnt-threaten-spacecraft/

http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/in-science-fiction-movies/

http://www.space.com/25108-rare-asteroid-star-eclipse-observing-tips.html

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Asteroids

http://www.universetoday.com/32856/asteroid-belt/

http://www.space.com/51-asteroids-formation-discovery-and-exploration.html

http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2013/10/20/dwarf-planet-ceres-may-harbor-life-nasa-spacecraft-enroute/

http://www.forbes.com/sites/brucedorminey/2013/01/31/why-our-main-asteroid-belt-is-hardly-the-remnant-of-an-exploded-planet/

http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980810a.html



Images:

http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/images/content/563582main_spitzer-20061010_2000x1125.jpg

http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/spitzer/20121101/pia16212-640.jpg

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/Asteroid_Belt.jpg

http://solarsystem.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/gallery/Ceres_Layers1.jpg

http://dawn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/ceres_dumas_300.jpg

http://www.nasa.gov/images/content/569935main_dawn-image-070911-43_946-710.jpg



The Asteroid Belt: Not What You Think!

The solar system is enormous, and includes the Kuiper Belt and the Scattered Disc, both of which turn out to be really weird in some pretty awesome ways.

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Sources:

http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/Participate/learn/What-We-Know.php?link=The-Kuiper-Belt
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/kbos/indepth
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v362/n6422/abs/362730a0.html?foxtrotcallback=true
https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/features/cosmic/solar_system_info.html
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/new-horizons-reveals-pluto-s-atmospheric-pressure-has-sharply-decreased
http://pluto.jhuapl.edu/News-Center/PI-Perspectives.php?page=piPerspective_08_08_2017
https://www.space.com/34066-pluto-moon-charon-red-spot-source.html
https://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7554/full/nature14469.html
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/oort/indepth 
http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/L38/pdf
http://www.astronomy.ohio-state.edu/~pogge/Ast161/Unit4/dance.html

Images:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PIA17046_-_Voyager_1_Goes_Interstellar.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Astronomical_unit.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lhborbits.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kuiper_belt_-_Oort_cloud-en.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Artist%27s_impression_dwarf_planet_Eris.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eris_Orbit.svg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EightTNOs.png
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-FlyoverAnimation-20150918.webm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Haumea_rotation_with_ring.gif
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Neptune_Full.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-01_Stern_03_Pluto_Color_TXT.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pluto-BlueSkyFinal_PIA21590.jpg
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:14-281-KuiperBeltObject-ArtistsConcept-20141015.jpg
https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1400/interstellar-crossing-the-cosmic-void/

Life Beyond Neptune: The Kuiper Belt & Scattered Disc

The solar system we call home has our sun, eight planets, all their moons, the asteroid belt, and lots of comets. Outside Neptune's orbit is the Kuiper Belt. An almost empty ring around the sun that has icy bodies, almost all smaller than Pluto, making slow orbits around the sun. But what’s beyond the Kuiper belt? Beyond the fringes of the Kuiper belt is the Oort Cloud.

Comprehension Questions:
1. Name one thing that exists in our solar system.
2. What is the Kuiper Belt?
3. True or False: The objects existing inside the Kuiper Belt are called Kuiper Belt Objects.
4. Some ______ come from the Kuiper Belt.

Answer Key:
1. Any of the following: Planets, asteroids, moons, Sun, comets
2. A ring of icy bodies just outside of Neptune’s orbit.
3. True
4. Comets

Find out more at https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/.

Where does the solar system end? The Oort Cloud.

The Solar System - Exit Ticket

Our Solar System - The Sun to The Oort Cloud Student Presentation 

Our Solar System - The Sun to The Oort Cloud Teaching Presentation 

Our Solar System - The Sun to The Oort Cloud Student Lesson Outline 

Our Solar System - The Sun to The Oort Cloud  is a lesson by Teach Science with Fergy, containing engaging videos, presentations and activities to help develop students' science knowledge.

Solar Wind: A Silent Threat | Strip the Cosmos

Science Resource Description